使用枚举类
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当我们需要定义常量时,一个办法是用大写变量通过整数来定义,例如月份:
JAN = 1 FEB = 2 MAR = 3 ... NOV = 11 DEC = 12
好处是简单,缺点是类型是int
,并且仍然是变量。
更好的方法是为这样的枚举类型定义一个class类型,然后,每个常量都是class的一个唯一实例。Python提供了Enum
类来实现这个功能:
from enum import Enum Month = Enum('Month', ('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))
这样我们就获得了Month
类型的枚举类,可以直接使用Month.Jan
来引用一个常量,或者枚举它的所有成员:
for name, member in Month.__members__.items(): print(name, '=>', member, ',', member.value)
value
属性则是自动赋给成员的int
常量,默认从1
开始计数。
如果需要更精确地控制枚举类型,可以从Enum
派生出自定义类:
from enum import Enum, unique @unique class Weekday(Enum): Sun = 0 # Sun的value被设定为0 Mon = 1 Tue = 2 Wed = 3 Thu = 4 Fri = 5 Sat = 6
@unique
装饰器可以帮助我们检查保证没有重复值。
访问这些枚举类型可以有若干种方法:
>>> day1 = Weekday.Mon >>> print(day1) Weekday.Mon >>> print(Weekday.Tue) Weekday.Tue >>> print(Weekday['Tue']) Weekday.Tue >>> print(Weekday.Tue.value) 2 >>> print(day1 == Weekday.Mon) True >>> print(day1 == Weekday.Tue) False >>> print(Weekday(1)) Weekday.Mon >>> print(day1 == Weekday(1)) True >>> Weekday(7) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: 7 is not a valid Weekday >>> for name, member in Weekday.__members__.items(): ... print(name, '=>', member) ... Sun => Weekday.Sun Mon => Weekday.Mon Tue => Weekday.Tue Wed => Weekday.Wed Thu => Weekday.Thu Fri => Weekday.Fri Sat => Weekday.Sat
可见,既可以用成员名称引用枚举常量,又可以直接根据value的值获得枚举常量。
练习
把Student
的gender
属性改造为枚举类型,可以避免使用字符串:
小结
Enum
可以把一组相关常量定义在一个class中,且class不可变,而且成员可以直接比较。